If I was able to travel back 10 years in time, knowing what I know now, the last thing I'd do is work at a coffee shop! I'd be a multi-millionaire.
Do you actually know enough off the top of your head without having to look up any details to be able to do that? If you were sent back with no idea that it was going to happen, only possessing whatever you were carrying with you, with ID that would be considered invalid because it hadn't been issued yet, only whatever money you had with you, etc., do you really think you'd know the details you'd need and have the resources you'd need to actually become rich?
I don't think I would.
If you're a little patient, Bitcoin.
This is true. You couldnt get short term money- its not like anyone remembers specific lottery outcomes or many sporting events from 10+ years ago- but you WOULD know some great stocks to invest in. But like you say, thats something that isnt gonna pay off for like nearly a decade.
What I would do is constantly check the news for upcoming events - in your country or world wide, trying to find ones that you realise you know the outcomes of that you could make a bet at a bookies for. You can place bets on just about anything- eventually some big event or situation that was unlikely will trigger a memmory and you could place a bet.
Only trouble is since you will have very little saved up any time soon, you couldnt bet enough for a huge return. It would need multiple such bets to build significant money.